1. How is the Trademarks Act 1999 different from the Trade and Merchandising Marks Act 1958?

Enactment of the Trademarks Act 1999 is a big step forward from the Trade and Merchandise Marks Act 1958 and the Trademark Act 1940. The newly enacted Act has some features not present in the 1958 Act and these are:-

(i)Registration of service marks, collective marks and certification trademarks.

(ii)Increasing the period of registration and renewal from 7 years to 10 years.

(iii)Allowing filing of single application for registration in more than one class
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(iv)Enhanced punishment for offences related to trademarks.

(v)Exhaustive definitions for terms frequently used.

(vi)Simplified procedure for registration of registered users and enlarged scope of permitted use.

(vii)Constitution of an Appellate Board for speedy disposal of appeals and rectification applications which at present lie before High Court.

Trademark means a mark capable of being represented graphically and which is capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one person from those of other and may include shape of goods, their packaging and combination of colours; and

(i) in relation to Chapter XII (other than section 107), a registered trade mark or a mark used in relation to goods or services for the purpose of indicating or so as to indicate a connection in the course of trade between the goods or services, as the case may be, and some person having the right as proprietor to use the mark and

(ii) in relation to other provisions of this Act, a mark used or proposed to be used in relation to goods or services for the purpose of indicating or so to indicate a connection in the course of trade between the goods or services, as the case may be, and some person having the right, either as proprietor or by way of permitted user, to use the mark whether with or without any indication of the identity of that person, and includes a certification trade mark or collective mark.

3. What are "Well-known Trademarks" and "Associated Trademarks"?

Well-known trademark in relation to any goods or services, means a mark which has become so to the substantial segment of the public which uses such goods or receives such services that the use of such mark in relation to other goods or services would be likely to be taken as indicating a connection in the course of trade or rendering of services between those goods or services and a person using the mark in relation to the first-mentioned goods or services.

Associated Trademarks means trademarks deemed to be, or required to be, registered as associated trademarks under this Act.

4. What is the meaning of "Service" in the Trademark Act 1999?

Service means service of any description which is made available potential users and includes the provision of services in connection with business of any industrial or commercial matters such as banking, communication, education, financing, insurance, chit funds, real estate, transport, storage, material treatment, processing, supply of electrical or other energy, boarding, lodging, entertainment, amusement, construction, repair, conveying of news or information and advertising.

5. How are the terms "Certification Trademarks" and "Collective Marks" defined in the Act?

Certification trade mark means a mark capable of distinguishing the goods or services in connection with which it is used in the course of trade which are certified by the proprietor of the mark in respect of origin, material, mode of manufacture of goods or performance of services, quality, accuracy or other characteristics from goods or services not so certified and register as such under Chapter IX in respect of those goods or services in the name as proprietor of the certification trade mark, of that person.

Collective Mark means a trademark distinguishing the goods or services of members of an association of persons (not being a partnership within the meaning of the Indian Partnership Act, 1932) which is the proprietor of the mark from those of others.

6. What is the term of a registered trademark?

The initial registration of a trademark shall be for a period of ten years but may be renewed from time to time for an unlimited period by payment of the renewal fees.

7. What is the Madrid Agreement?

The Madrid Agreement was adopted on April 14, 1891 to facilitate protection of a trademark or service mark in several countries by means of a single international registration. As on July 15, 1999, 54 countries are party to this Agreement mainly belonging to Europe, countries of Africa and four countries in the Far East namely, China, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Mongolia and Vietnam. The United Kingdom, The United States of America, most Latin American countries, Japan and India are not signatories to this agreement. The Agreement covers both trademarks and service marks.

8. What are the main features of the Madrid Agreement?

Main features of the Madrid Agreement are as follows :

1. An applicant must be a national of a member country. A person having his domicile or a real and effective industrial or commercial interest in such a country is also eligible. It may be noted that this would be governed by the national laws of the country in question:

2. A mark to be registered in member states should be first registered at the national level in the country of origin of the applicant. The first registration is called 'basic registration'.

3. The country having given the basic registration can only transmit there quest for international filing to the International Bureau of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WI PO) along with the list of the countries in which protection is being sought. There 'is no provision for directly filing a request under the Agreement.

4. It may be iterated that the country of origin has to be a member state. The role of the office of the country of origin is not only to send the application for international registration but also to certify that the mark which is the subject of the international registration, is the same mark which is the subject of the basic registration.

5. For each application fees has to be paid for each designated country and WIPO. The fees paid for the designated countries is called the 'complementary fee'.

6. The International Bureau notifies the international registration to the offices of the designated countries and publishes it in a monthly periodical called 'The WIPO Gazette of International Marks'.

7. If the basic registration is cancelled for some reasons, in the country of origin, during the first five years, the international registration automatically stands cancelled in all the designated countries. This also gives an advantage to a person to oppose the registration of a mark only in the country of origin and that person need not oppose it in all the designated countries. This possibility of challenging an international registration through a national registration is referred to as 'Central Attack' feature of the Agreement.

9. What is the Madrid Protocol?

The Protocol relating to the Madrid Agreement concerning the International Registration of Marks was adopted at Madrid on June 27, 1989. The Protocol, which entered into force on December 1, 1995, retains the basic features of the Madrid Agreement. As on July 15, 1999, 39 countries have acceded to the Protocol. The Protocol was formed to remove some of the features of the Madrid Agreement, which posed some obstacles to accession by several countries. These features are:

1. For an international registration, it is essential to first register a mark at the national level. The time required for obtaining a mark at the national level varies from country to country. Hence some parties do suffer.

2. Within one year, a designated member country has to examine and issue a notice of refusal by giving all the grounds for refusal. The period was considered short.

3. A uniform fee is paid for the designation of a member country. This was found to be inappropriate for countries with high level of national fees.

4. An international registration is linked to the basic registration during the initial five years and the former gets cancelled if latter is cancelled. The fact, that grounds under which a mark is cancelled in the country of origin need not necessarily exist in every other designated country, is overlooked.

5. The only working language of the Madrid Agreement is French.

Innovations introduced by the Madrid Protocol are :

1. An international application need not necessarily be based on a registration made by the Office of Origin but can also be based on an application filed with the Office of Origin. This makes it convenient for countries with full examination system where the national registration takes time. It also makes it possible to claim the right of priority of six months under the Paris Convention.

2. A Contracting Party can receive the fee under the existing Madrid Treaty system through its share in the international fees collected: for each designation made as in the Madrid Treaty. Alternatively, the member country can choose "Individual fee" system for each designation made, which should be an amount not more than the national fee for a ten-year registration. The "Individual fee" system makes an attractive proposition for countries with high level of national fees.

3. It is possible to transform an international registration into national or regional application in the designated Contracting Parties, if the basic registration is cancelled for some reasons, as in the case of "Central Attack".

4. An applicant may choose to base an international registration in any of the Contracting States with which he has connection through nationality, domicile or establishment.