The Information Technology Act, 2000 (No. 21 Of 2000) Ministry Of Law, Justice And Company Affairs (Legislative Department), New Delhi, the 9th June, 2000/Jyaistha 19, 1922 (Saka)  [9th June, 2000]

The following Act of Parliament received the assent of the President on the 9th June, 2000, and is hereby published for general information:-

An Act to provide legal recognition for transactions carried out by means of electronic data interchange and other means of electronic communication, commonly referred to as "electronic commerce", which involve the use of alternatives to paper-based methods of communication and storage of information, to facilitate electronic filing of documents with the Government agencies and further to amend the Indian Penal Code, the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, the Bankers' Books Evidence Act, 1891 and the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. 

Whereas the General Assembly of the United Nations by resolution A/RES/51/162, dated the 30th January, 1997 has adopted the Model Law on Electronic Commerce adopted by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law; and whereas the said resolution recommends inter alia that all States give favourable consideration to the said Model Law when they enact or revise their laws, in view of the need for uniformity of the law applicable to alternatives to paper-cased methods of communication and storage of information; and whereas it is considered necessary to give effect to the said resolution and to promote efficient delivery of Government services by means of reliable electronic records, it enacted by Parliament in the Fifty-first Year of the Republic of India as follows:- 

Preliminary

1. Short title, extent, commencement and application 

(1) This Act may be called the Information Technology Act, 2000. 

(2) It shall extend to the whole of India and, save as otherwise provided in this Act, it applies also to any offence or contravention thereunder committed outside India by any person. 

The Gazette of India Extraordinary (Part II) 

(3) It shall come into force on such date as the Central Government may, by notification, appoint and different dates may be appointed for different provisions of this Act and any reference in any such provision to the commencement of this Act shall be construed as a reference to the commencement of that provision. 

(4) Nothing in this Act shall apply to, -

• a negotiable instrument as defined in section 13 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881; 
• a power-of-attorney as defined in section 1A of the Powers-of-Attorney Act, 1882; 
• a trust as defined in section 3 of the Indian Trusts Act, 1882;
• a will as defined in clause (h) of section 2 of the Indian Succession Act, 1925 including any other testamentary disposition by whatever name called; 
• any contract for the sale or conveyance of immovable property or any interest in such property;
• any such class of documents or transactions as may be notified by the Central Government in the Official Gazette.

Definitions

(1) In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires, - 

(a) "access" with its grammatical variations and cognate expressions means gaining entry into, instructing or communicating with the logical, arithmetical, or memory function resources of a computer, computer system or computer network; 

(b) "addressee" means a person who is intended by the originator to receive the electronic record but does not include any intermediary; 

(c) "adjudicating officer" means an adjudicating officer appointed under subsection (1) of section 46; 

(d) "affixing digital signature" with its grammatical variations and cognate expressions means adoption of any methodology or procedure by a person for the purpose of authenticating an electronic record by means of digital signature; 

(e) "appropriate Government" means as respects any matter,- 


(i) Enumerated in List II of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution; 
(ii) relating to any State law enacted under List III of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution, the State Government and in any other case, the Central Government; 
 

(f) "asymmetric crypto system" means a system of a secure key pair consisting of a private key for creating a digital signature and a public key to verify the digital signature;

(g) "Certifying Authority" means a person who has been granted a licence to issue a Digital Signature Certificate under section 24; 

(h) "certification practice statement" means a statement issued by a Certifying Authority to specify the practices that the Certifying Authority employs in issuing Digital Signature Certificates; 

(i) "computer" means any electronic magnetic, optical or other high-speed data processing device or system which performs logical, arithmetic, and memory functions by manipulations of electronic, magnetic or optical impulses, and includes all input, output, processing, storage, computer software, or communication facilities which are connected or related to the computer in a computer system or computer network; 

Sec I The Gazette of India Extraordinary

(j) "computer network" means the interconnection of one or more computers through- 

(i) the use of satellite, microwave, terrestrial line or other communication media; and 
(ii) terminals or a complex consisting of two or more interconnected computers whether or not the interconnection is continuously maintained;

 
(k) "computer resource" means computer, computer system, computer network, data,computer data base or software; 

(l) "computer system" means a device or collection of devices, including input and output support devices and excluding calculators which are not programmable and capable of being used in conjunction with external files, which contain computer programmes, electronic instructions, input data and output data, that performs logic, arithmetic, data storage and retrieval, communication control and other functions; 

(m) "Controller" means the Controller of Certifying Authorities appointed under sub-section (l) of section 17; 

(n) "Cyber Appellate Tribunal" means the Cyber Regulations Appellate Tribunal established under sub-section (1) of section 48; 

(o) "data" means a representation of information, knowledge, facts, concepts or instructions which are being prepared or have been prepared in a formalised manner, and is intended to be processed, is being processed or has been processed in a computer system or computer network, and may be in any form (including computer printouts magnetic or optical storage media, punched cards, punched tapes) or stored internally in the memory of the computer; 

(p) "digital signature" means authentication of any electronic record by a subscriber by means of an electronic method or procedure in accordance with the provisions of section 3; 

(q) "Digital Signature Certificate" means a Digital Signature Certificate issued under sub-section (4) of section 35; 

(r) "electronic form" with reference to information means any information generated, sent, received or stored in media, magnetic, optical, computer memory, micro film, computer generated micro fiche or similar device; 

(s) "Electronic Gazette" means the Official Gazette published in the electronic form; 

(t) "electronic record" means data, record or data generated, image or sound stored, received or sent in an electronic form or micro film or computer generated micro fiche; 

(u) "function", in relation to a computer, includes logic, control arithmetical process, deletion, storage and retrieval and communication or telecommunication from or within a computer; 

(v)"information" includes data, text, images, sound, voice, codes, computer programmes, software and databases or micro film or computer generated micro fiche: 

(w) "intermediary" with respect to any particular electronic message means any person who on behalf of another person receives, stores or transmits that message or provides any service with respect to that message; 

(x) "key pair", in an asymmetric crypto system, means a private key and its mathematically related public key, which are so related that the public key can verify a digital signature created by the private key; 

(y) "law" includes any Act of Parliament or of a State Legislature, Ordinances promulgated by the President or a Governor, as the case may be. Regulations made by the President under article 240, Bills enacted as President's Act under sub-clause (a) of clause (1) of article 357 of the Constitution and includes rules, regulations, bye-laws and orders issued or made thereunder; 

(z) "licence" means a licence granted to a Certifying Authority under section 24; 

(za) "originator" means a person who sends, generates, stores or transmits any electronic message or causes any electronic message to be sent, generated, stored or transmitted to any other person but does not include an intermediary; 

(zb) "prescribed" means prescribed by rules made under this Act; 

(zc) "private key" means the key of a key pair used to create a digital signature; 

(zd) "public key" means the key of a key pair used to verify a digital signature and listed in the Digital Signature Certificate; 

(ze) "secure system" means computer hardware, software, and procedure that- 

(a) are reasonably secure from unauthorised access and misuse; 

(b) provide a reasonable level of reliability and correct operation; 

(c) are reasonably suited to performing the intended functions; and 

(d) adhere to generally accepted security procedures;

 
(zf) "security procedure" means the security procedure prescribed under section 16 by the Central Government; 

(zg) "subscriber" means a person in whose name the Digital Signature Certificate is issued; 

(zh) "verify" in relation to a digital signature, electronic record or public key, with its grammatical variations and cognate expressions means to determine whether- 
 

(a) the initial electronic record was affixed with the digital signature by the use of private key corresponding to the public key of the subscriber; 

(b) the initial electronic record is retained intact or has been altered since such electronic record was so affixed with the digital signature.
 

(2) Any reference in this Act to any enactment or any provision thereof shall, in relation to an area in which such enactment or such provision is not in force, be construed as a reference to the corresponding law or the relevant provision of the corresponding law, if any, in force in that area.

Digital Signature

3. Authentication of electronic records. 

(1) Subject to the provisions of this section any subscriber may authenticate an electronic record by affixing his digital signature. 

(2) The authentication of the electronic record shall be effected by the use of asymmetric crypto system and hash function which envelop and transform the initial electronic record into another electronic record. 

Explanation.-For the purposes of this sub-section, "hash function" means an algorithm mapping or translation of one sequence of bits into another, generally smaller, 

The Gazette of India Extraordinary (Part II).

set known  as "hash result" such that an electronic record yields the same hash result every time the algorithm is executed with the same electronic record as its input making it computationally infeasible-

(a) to derive or reconstruct the original electronic record from the hash result produced by the algorithm; 

(b) that two electronic records can produce the same hash result using the algorithm.

(3) Any person by the use of a public key of the subscriber can verify the electronic record. 

(4) The private key and the public key are unique to the subscriber and constitute a functioning key pair.

Electronic Governance

4. Legal recognition of electronic records. 

Where any law provides that information or any other matter shall be in writing or in the typewritten or printed form, then, notwithstanding anything contained in such law, such requirement shall be deemed to have been satisfied if such information or matter is- 

(a) rendered or made available in an electronic form; and 

(b) accessible so as to be usable for a subsequent reference.

5. Legal recognition of digital signatures. Where any law provides that information or any other matter shall be authenticated by affixing the signature or any document shall be signed or bear the signature of any person (hen, notwithstanding anything contained in such law, such requirement shall be deemed to have been satisfied, if such information or matter is authenticated by means of digital signature affixed in such manner as may be prescribed by the Central Government. 

Explanation.-For the purposes of this section, "signed", with its grammatical variations and cognate expressions, shall, with reference to a person, mean affixing of his hand written signature or any mark on any document and the expression "signature" shall be construed accordingly. 

6. Use of electronic records and digital signatures in Government and its agencies. 

(1) Where any law provides for- 

(a) the filing of any form. application or any other document with any office, authority, body or agency owned or controlled by the appropriate Government in a particular manner; 

(b) the issue or grant of any licence, permit, sanction or approval by whatever name called in a particular manner; 

(c) the receipt or payment of money in a particular manner, then, notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force, such requirement shall be deemed to have been satisfied if such filing, issue, grant, receipt or payment, as the case may be, is effected by means of such electronic form as may be prescribed by the appropriate Government. 

(2) The appropriate Government may, for the purposes of sub-section (1), by rules, prescribe- 

(a) the manner and format in which such electronic records shall be filed, created or issued; 

(b) the manner or method of payment of any fee or charges for filing, creation or issue any electronic record under clause (a).

The Gazette Of India Extraordinary (Part II) 

7. Retention of electronic records.  

(1) Where any law provides that documents, records or information shall be retained for any specific period, then, that requirement shall be deemed to have been satisfied if such documents, records or information are retained in the electronic form, if- 

(a) the information contained therein remains accessible so as to be usable for a subsequent reference; 

(b) the electronic record is retained in the format in which it was originally generated, sent or received or in a format which can be demonstrated to represent accurately the information originally generated, sent or received; 

(c) the details which will facilitate the identification of the origin, destination, date and time of despatch or receipt of such electronic record are available in the electronic record: Provided that this clause does not apply to any information which is automatically generated solely for the purpose of enabling an electronic record to be despatched or received. 

(2) Nothing in this section shall apply to any law that expressly provides for the retention of documents, records or information in the form of electronic records. 

8. Publication of rule, regulation, etc., in Electronic Gazette.  

Where any law provides that any rule, regulation, order, bye-law, notification or any other matter shall be published in the Official Gazette, then, such requirement shall be deemed to have been satisfied if such rule, regulation, order, bye-law, notification or any other matter is published in the Official Gazette or Electronic Gazette: 

Provided that where any rule, regulation, order, bye-law, notification or any other matter is published in the Official Gazette or Electronic Gazette, the date of publication shall be deemed to be the date of the Gazette which was first published in any form. 

9. Sections 6,7 and 8 not to confer right to insist document should be accepted in electronic form.  

Nothing contained in sections 6, 7 and 8 shall confer a right upon any person to insist that any Ministry or Department of the Central Government or the State Government or any authority or body established by or under any law or controlled or funded by the Central or State Government should accept, issue, create, retain and preserve any document in the form of electronic records or effect any monetary transaction in the electronic form. 

10. Power to make rules by Central Government in respect of digital signature.  

The Central Government may, for the purposes of this Act, by rules, prescribe- 

(a) the type of digital signature; 

(b) the manner and format in which the digital signature shall be affixed; 

(c) the manner or procedure which facilitates identification of the person affixing the digital signature; 

(d) control processes and procedures to ensure adequate integrity, security and confidentiality of electronic records or payments; and 

(e) any other matter which is necessary to give legal effect to digital signatures. 

Attribution, Acknowledgment and Despatch of Electronic Records

11.Attribution of electronic records. 

An electronic record shall be attributed to the originator- 

(a) if it was sent by the originator himself; 

(b) by a person who had the authority to act on behalf of the originator in respect of that electronic record; or 

(c) by an information system programmed by or on behalf of the originator to operate automatically. 

Sec 1   The Gazette of India Extraordinary
 
12. Acknowledgment of receipt. 

(1) Where the originator has not agreed with the addressee that the acknowledgment of receipt of electronic record be given in a particular form or by a particular method, an acknowledgment may be given by- 

(2) Where the originator has stipulated that the electronic record shall be binding only on receipt of an acknowledgment of such electronic record by him, then unless acknowledgment has been so received, the electronic record shall be deemed to have been never sent by the originator. 

3) Where the originator has not stipulated that the electronic record shall be binding only on receipt of such acknowledgment, and the acknowledgment has not been received by the originator within the time specified or agreed or, if no time has been specified or agreed to within a reasonable time, then the originator may give notice to the addressee stating that no acknowledgment has been received by him and specifying a reasonable time by which the acknowledgment must be received by him and if no acknowledgment is received within the aforesaid time limit he may after giving notice to the addressee, treat the electronic record as though it has never been sent. 

13. Time and place of despatch and receipt of electronic record. 

(1) Save as otherwise agreed to between the originator and the addressee, the dispatch of an electronic record occurs when it enters a computer resource outside the control of the originator. 

(2) Save as otherwise agreed between the originator and the addressee, the time of receipt of an electronic record shall be determined as follows, namely :- 

(3) Save as otherwise agreed to between the originator and the addressee, an electronic record is deemed to be dispatched at the place where the originator has his place of business, and is deemed to be received at the place where the addressee has his place of business. 

(4) The provisions of sub-section (2) shall apply notwithstanding that the place where the computer resource is located may be different from the place where the electronic record is deemed to have been received under sub-section (3). 

(5) For the purposes of this section, - 

Ministry of Information Technology
Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (CDAC) 
Centre for Electronics Design & Technology of India (CEDTI) 
Centre for Materials for Electronics Technology (C-MET) 
National Informatics Centre (NIC)
National Centre for Software Technology (NCST)
Software Technology Parks of India (STPI) 

Top